Key Takeaways
- Computer hardware is the physical components of a computer system, such as the CPU, motherboard, keyboard, monitor and more.
- When choosing the best computer hardware for your needs, besides budget, you also need to consider six more. Check the article for all the important factors.
- If you’re planning to install computer hardware, follow our instructions right below and you can do everything at ease.
What Is Computer Hardware?

What is computer hardware? Source: Unsplash
Computer hardware refers to all the physical components of a computer system. It includes two main parts: internal components and external devices.
Internal components are located inside the computer like the CPU (central processing unit), motherboard, RAM (memory), data storage (hard drives or SSDs), graphics cards, and sound cards.
External devices are connected to the computer from outside. They are monitors, keyboards, mice, printers, and speakers. This equipment enables user interaction, input, and output.
Types of Computer Hardware
1. Input Devices
The user will use these devices to interact with the computer by entering data, commanding or signaling it. Some common computer hardware for data input include:
- Keyboards: used to type text, number, or execute demands.
- Mouse: used to navigate and interact with elements on screen.
- Touchpad: (on laptops) used to navigate through touch, has similar functions as a mouse.
- Microphone: used to capture audio and command through voice.
- Webcam: used to capture video.
- Joystick/ Game Controller: used for gaming and other interactive applications.
- Stylus/Graphics Tablet: used for drawing and writing

A mouse and a keyboard. Source: Unsplash
2. Output Devices
These computer hardware help convert data from a computer into a readable form for the user. They normally include:
- Monitor: used to display information (images, text, graphs, etc.) from a computing device.
- Printer: used to transfer digital data to physical materials.
- Speakers: used to play audio such as music, sound effects or spoken words.
- Headphones: have a similar function as speakers, but instead of playing audio out loud, the sound goes directly to your ears.
- Projector: used to display video or images on a larger surface such as a wall or screen.

A speaker is a computer hardware. Source: Unsplash
3. Storage Devices.
These computer hardware help save data, files, and software so the user can access and use the saved information later. There are different categories based on their function, capacity, and portability. Some of the main types are:
- USB flash drive: used to transfer files between different devices and computers.
- Hard Disk Drive (HDD): used to store a large amount of data but normally found on desktops and older laptops.
- Solid State Drive (SSD): used with a similar function as an HDD but is faster, more modern, and reliable.
- RAM (Random Access Memory): used to store data currently in use. It is volatile; when the computer is off, you will also lose data.
- NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) Drives: a newer type of SSD but with faster speed than the traditional one.

USB flash drive.Source: Unsplash
4. Processing Units: CPU and GPU basics.
A processing unit is an internal computer hardware that acts as the brain of the computer. The two most common ones are:
- CPU (Central Processing Unit): used to handle most of the computer's processing tasks, including programs running and instructions processing.
- GPU basics (Graphics Processing Unit): used to process graphical data and parallel processing tasks.

CPU is what is hardware in computer. Source: Unsplash
5. Networking Components: Routers, modems, and network cards.
These computer hardware help computers and devices connect and the Internet, namely:
- Routers: used to connect your computers, smartphones, and smart TVs to the Internet and each other within a network (Wi-Fi).
- Modems (modulator-demodulator): used to connect your home network to your internet service provider (ISP).
- Network Interface Card (NIC): used to connect a computer to a network via Ethernet cable or Wi-Fi.

Wifi modem. Source: Unsplash
Common Computer Hardware Components and Their Functions
- Motherboard (central circuit board): used to connect the CPU, RAM, storage drives, and peripherals of your computer.
- RAM (random access memory): used to store data currently in use and allow faster access. It is the short-term memory of your computer.
- Storage Drives (HDD & SSD): used to store your operating system, applications, software, documents, and files.
- CPU and GPU: used to handle most of the data processing.
- Power Supply Unit (PSU): used to provide power to the components in your computer.
- Cooling system: used to keep the CPU and GPU from overheating. A normal cooling system includes fans, heat sinks, and liquid cooling.

Air cooling system. Source: Unsplash
Factors to Consider When Choosing Computer Hardware
There are many options available for computer hardware that can confuse buyers. We’ve compiled some key information relating to performance, budget, and functionality that you should consider when choosing the most suitable computer hardware:
Performance:
- CPU (Central Processing Unit): You should choose a CPU depending on your personal use. If you’re into gaming, video editing, or other heavy tasks, a CPU with more cores and higher clock speeds will be better.
- Remember that the stronger the CPU, the faster your computer.
- Pay attention to core count, clock speed (GHz), and generation, then consider your most common tasks and choose the most suitable one for you.
- RAM (Random Access Memory): The more, the better. Nowadays, even normal tasks will require at least 8GB to perform smoothly. If you are more specialised in gaming, graphic design, or programming, then opt for 16GB to have a better performance.
- Storage (HDD vs. SSD): SSDs are much faster than traditional HDDs. Although an HDD is more affordable, for faster boot times and responsiveness, try SSD for a better overall and long-term experience.
- GPU (Graphics Processing Unit): For daily tasks, a CPU is already enough, but if you choose computer hardware to help you with gaming, video editing, or 3D rendering, a GPU is necessary.

An SSD. Source: Unsplash
Budget:
- Consider your finances and needs when choosing computer hardware.
- You can easily update RAM and storage later on if you need to, so at the beginning, you can spend more on CPU and GPU for long-term performance.
- If you’re on a tight budget, deals, refurbished options, or last-gen hardware will help you save a great deal of money without sacrificing performance.
Compatibility:
- Motherboard Compatibility: This computer hardware needs to be compatible with your CPU, RAM, and GPU. Remember to choose the correct socket type for the CPU and check the memory compatibility like DDR4 or DDR5 for RAM.
- Form Factor: There are three common sizes for the case: full tower, mid-tower, and mini-ITX. You can select a suitable case based on your personal needs and space. Remember that a larger case will allow an easier upgrade later on but will also take up more space.
- Power Supply (PSU): The PSU needs to have enough wattage to handle all your components. Remember to check the necessary power connectors, especially for high-end GPUs.

What is a computer hardware? Source: Unsplash
Energy Efficiency:
- CPUs and GPUs: It’s better to look for new models because they will use less power for the same or even better performance.
- 80 Plus Certification: To better identify which computer hardware is more energy efficient, you can look at the 80 Plus Certification. You can have a look at the table below to understand better:
Certification Level |
Efficiency at 20% Load |
Efficiency at 50% Load |
Efficiency at 100% Load |
Power Factor |
80 Plus |
80% |
80% |
80% |
0.9 |
80 Plus Bronze |
82% |
85% |
82% |
0.9 |
80 Plus Silver |
85% |
88% |
85% |
0.9 |
80 Plus Gold |
87% |
90% |
87% |
0.9 |
80 Plus Platinum |
90% |
92% |
89% |
0.95 |
80 Plus Titanium |
90% |
94% |
90% |
0.95 |

80 Plus Certification Gold. Source: Google
Future Upgradability
- For long term use, it’s better to choose computer hardware that allows you to further upgrade in the future. If possible, try selecting a motherboard with extra RAM slots or PCIe slots.
- Calculate your budget carefully because you may need future upgrades like storage or GPU.
Cooling and Noise Levels
- Air Cooling: Most computers have this computer hardware to prevent them from being overheated. It is cheaper and suitable for low-to-moderate performance demands but is also louder due to the noise of the fans.
- Liquid Cooling: If you prefer a quieter system, prioritise aesthetics, and use your computer for heavier tasks like gaming or rendering 3D, a liquid cooling system can be a better choice.

Liquid cooling system. Source: Unsplash
Aesthetics (Optional)
- For a more organized appearance, you can consider some computer hardware like transparent side panels and RGB lighting. They can create a better working or entertaining environment and positively affect your overall performance.
- Cable Management: Try some common options for cable management available now to improve airflow and cooling. It can also make your setting look neat and organized.
FAQs on Computer Hardware
What is the most important computer hardware component?
The most important computer hardware component depends mostly on your usage. For better purchase decision, here’s how the importance of different components varies based on your needs:
- CPU (Central Processing Unit): most important if you need a powerful computer for heavy tasks such as gaming, video editing, or programming.
- RAM (Random Access Memory): most important if you usually work simultaneously with different files, applications, or browser tabs.
- GPU (Graphics Processing Unit): most important if you’re a gamer, video editor, engineer, or image processor.
- Storage (SSD vs. HDD): most important if you want a fast and responsive system.
- Motherboard: most important if you need future updates.
If you are a general user, a good CPU, sufficient RAM, and a fast SSD are efficient enough for daily tasks.
How do I upgrade my computer hardware?
Start by assessing your current setup using tools like CPU-Z or Speccy to identify bottlenecks. Check motherboard and power supply compatibility before purchasing. Consider your needs; is it to add more RAM, switch to an SSD, install a better CPU/GPU for speed, or add HDD/SSD for extra storage?
Back up your data, gather tools, and use anti-static precautions. Install the new hardware carefully, then test your system. Ensure everything runs smoothly, format new drives if needed, and update drivers for optimal performance.